1 Cells Part II Cells II
2 Cell Theory 1. The cell is the smallest unit of life. The cell carries out all life processes 2. All organisms are made from one or more cells. Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. DNA in each cell contains all the information necessary to produce offspring
3 All cells have: Cell membrane Surrounds, contains, protects Cytoplasm “Cell gel” fills interior of cell Ribosomes Help make proteins for cells DNA Contains instructions for cell
4 Two Categories of Cells Prokaryotes “Before” nucleus Simple structure Bacteria Archaebacteria Eukaryotes True nucleus holds DNA Many cell parts with special functions One cell or multicellular organisms Plants! Animals! Fungi! Single-cell organisms!
5 Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
6 Eukaryotic cells have organelles that perform special functions: Manufacture cell products Breakdown & maintenance Convert energy Movement, support Communication
7 Think as you study cell parts: What does it look like? What is its function? What other organelles does it work with? How does the structure of this organelle allow it to do its job? Is it in Animals? Plants? Other?
8 “Generic” Animal Cell
9 Boundary / Protection
10 Cell Membrane: Controls what goes in and out
12 Cytoplasm / Cytosol: Cell Gel Cytoplasm fills cell Organelles are suspended in matrix
13 Information
14 Nucleus: Control Center for the Cell
15 Contains DNA packaged into chromosomes
16 Nucleus is connected to important endomembrane structures
18 Manufacturing
19 Ribosomes: Workbench for making proteins
20 Endoplasmic Reticulum: Internal transport system of cell
22 2 forms of ER: Rough ER Ribosomes attached to ER give it a rough appearance Helps synthesize proteins Transports proteins within cell Smooth ER Transports Stores calcium Involved in making lipids
23 Golgi body: Packages and Ships Cell products
25 Protein Synthesis Making proteins is one of the most important jobs of the cell!
26 Maintenance
27 Lysosomes: Clean up crew; Baggies of powerful digestive enzymes get rid of old cell parts, bacteria
29 Energy production
30 Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell Extract energy from glucose to provide energy for cell functions
32 Structure and movement
33 Cytoskeleton
34 3 sizes of fibers form skeleton of cell Produce shape & create movement
35 Plant Cells
36 Plant Cell
37 Plants have specialized organelles not found in animal cells: Rigid cell wall: support Chloroplasts: capture energy from sun Large vacuole: storage (water, sugars)
38 Chloroplast: Use sunlight to make sugars Photosynthesis
39 Chloroplasts
41 Plant Cell Vacuole: Stores water and food
42 Plant Cell Walls: Support and Protection
44 A few examples of specialized cells from complex organisms