Warm Up K-W-L: Microscope. Cell Theory Cell theory : 1.All organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic unit of organization in.

1 Warm Up K-W-L: Microscope 

2 Cell Theory Cell theory : 1.All organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms. 3.All cells come from cells. Viewing Cells 2 2 Copy the following: 

3 Cell Theory Write the cell theory. 

4 ACOS 2 Objective: SWBAT define the difference between an atom and a molecule. 

5 Magnification In the 1 st century the romans were the first to use glass to observe small objects. They had discovered looking through glass made the object look bigger. 

6 Magnification Salvino D’Armate made the first eye glass in the 13 th century. The magnification of D’Armate’s eye glass was 1X. 

7 Magnification Eventually simple forms of magnification glasses were about 6x- 10x magnification. These simple forms were mainly used to observe insects like fleas. These early magnifiers were called “flea glasses”. 

8 Microscopes Zacharias Jansen and his father put a couple of lenses in a tube and made some important discoveries. Jansen invented the first compound microscope. 

9 Microscopes Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope. Leeuwenhoek improved the microscope by improving the quality of the lens. Today’s compound microscopes can magnify from 1000X-2000X magnification. 

10 Cell Theory Cells weren’t discovered until the microscope was improved. In 1665, Robert Hooke cut a thin slice of cork and looked at it under his microscope and saw empty little boxes. Hooke named the boxes he saw in the cork, “cells”. Viewing Cells 2 2 

11 Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden studied plants and concluded that all plants are made of cells. Theodor Schwann studied animal cells and concluded that all animals are made of cells. Viewing Cells 2 2 Eventually Schleiden and Schwan combined their ideas and became convinced that all living things are made of cells. 

12 Cell Theory Rudolph Virchow used previous discoveries and wrote the “Cell Theory”. Cell theory: 1.All organisms are made up of one or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic unit of organization in organisms. 3.All cells come from cells. Viewing Cells 2 2 

THE CELL HANDOUTS Chapter 7 Section 7-1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing? The cell The cell.

1 THE CELL HANDOUTS Chapter 7 Section 7-1 

2 What is the structure that makes up every living thing? The cell The cell 

3 The Discovery of the Cell What was Anton van Leeuwenhoek one of the first to see in the 1600s? He saw tiny living organisms in a drop of water. 

4 What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope? What did a thin slice of cork seem like to Robert Hooke when he observed it through a microscope? The cork seemed to be made of tiny empty chambers. 

5 What did the German botanist Matthias Schleiden conclude? He concluded that all plants are made of cells. 

6 What did the German biologist Theodore Schwann conclude? 1. He concluded that animals were also made of cells. 

7 6. How did Rudolph Virchow summarize his years of work? He stated that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells. He stated that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells. 

8 What are the three concepts that make up the cell theory? a. All living things are composed of cells. b. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. c. New cells are produced from existing cells. 

9 Exploring the Cell Why are electron microscopes capable of revealing details much smaller than those seen through light microscopes? Why are electron microscopes capable of revealing details much smaller than those seen through light microscopes? The wavelengths of electrons are much shorter than those of light. 

10 Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about prokaryotes. They grow and reproduce. They grow and reproduce. They have cell membranes and cytoplasm. They have cell membranes and cytoplasm. 

11 Prokaryotes – Organisms whose cells lack nuclei Bacteria Bacteria 

12 Are all eukaryotes large, multi cellular organisms? 1. No, some live solitary lives as single celled organisms. 

13 Eukaryotes Organisms whose cells contain nuclei Organisms whose cells contain nuclei Plants, animals, fungi, protists 

Cell Structure and Function Chapter 7. Ch 7.1-Life is Cellular.

1 Cell Structure and Function Chapter 7 

2 Ch 7.1-Life is Cellular 

3 How Did We Discover Cells? Microscopes! Invented in the late 1500s Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1600s) Created some of the best early lenses Submitted drawings of tiny living things he called “animalcules” 

4 Who Called Them “Cells”? Robert Hooke (1600s) Observed cork Empty boxes looked like monastery cells to him Inspired the name for cells 

5 The Cell Theory - Matthias Schleiden (1800s) -Stated that all plants are made of cells - Theodor Schwann (1800s) -Stated that all animals are made of cells - Rudolf Virchow (1800s) -Cells can only be produced by existing cells 

6 The Cell Theory 1) All living things are made up of cells 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things 3) New cells are produced from existing cells 

7 Light Microscopes -Allow light to pass through a specimen - Use lenses to magnify a specimen - Ocular lens is the lens you look through - Objective lens is the lens above the specimen Compound MicroscopeDissecting Microscope 

10 Cell Stains -Most living cells are transparent -Staining cells can make them visible -Some stains work on entire cells, and some only on parts of a cell - Some stains are fluorescent 

11 Electron Microscopes -Use electrons instead of light -Can show much greater detail than light microscopes - Images are in black and white -Computers are used to add “false color” 

12 Transmission Electron Microscopes -Pass electrons through a really thin specimen -Specimens are cut into ultra-thin flat slices 

13 Scanning Electron Microscopes -Bounce electrons off the surface of a specimen - Show the 3-D outline of a specimen 

14 Types of Cells Prokaryotes - Do not enclose DNA in a nucleus - Always unicellular - Smaller, simpler cells Eukaryotes - Enclose DNA in a nucleus - Can be unicellular or multicellular - Larger, more complex cells 

The Cell Theory Section 4.1. What do you know?  Where are cells found?  How many cells are there in a single human being?  What do you think might.

1 The Cell Theory Section 4.1 

2 What do you know?  Where are cells found?  How many cells are there in a single human being?  What do you think might be inside cells? 

3 Living?  Are these items living, once living, or nonliving?  Autumn leaf  Cotton shirt  Tulip  Steel beam  Car  Dog  String beans  Cow  How do you know which things are living? 

4 Cells  The basic unit of structure is the cell.  All living things or things that were once living are made up of one or more cells.  Cells are difficult to see with the untrained eye.  Cell- basic unit of function in all living things.  Each cell carries out life processes. 

5 Development of the Cell Theory  In 1675, a Dutch shopkeeper named Anton van Leeuwenhoek, looked at pond water through a simple microscope.  He saw what he called “animalcules” (single-celled organisms)  Probably the first person to see cells. 

6 Development of the Cell Theory  Around the same time, an English scientist and inventor, Robert Hooke, used a crude compound microscope to look at a very thin slice of cork.  He saw “a great many little boxes”  Why do you think he called them cells? 

7 Development of the Cell Theory  In the 1830’s a German botanist, Matthias Schleiden, noticed that all the plants he observed under a microscope seemed to be made of tiny units.  In 1838, he stated that all plants made up similar units (cells)  It was then discovered that cells were present in other living things.  Another German scientists, Theodore Schwann, observed animal tissue and stated that cells were the building blocks of both plants and animals.  Pointed out that there were many different kinds of cells, each with a different function.  In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, stated that all cells are produced only by other living cells. 

8 Development of the Cell Theory  The cell theory- set of statements about the ideas about the cell.  All living things are made up of one or more cells.  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.  All cells come only from other living things. 

9 What have we learned? 1. Which scientist gave us the name “cell”? 2. What are the three parts to the cell theory? 3. Why is a cell considered the smallest thing that can be called living? 4. Cells can be similar to bricks in a building. What other things are like cells? Make a list. For each item, explain how it is similar to a cell. 

Cell Theory Objective: You will be able to describe what each person did for the cell theory. You will be able to list the parts of the cell theory. Itinerary:

1 Cell Theory Objective: You will be able to describe what each person did for the cell theory. You will be able to list the parts of the cell theory. Itinerary: 1.Powerpoint and chart 2.Pictures to remember! 3.Smartboard activity 

2 Warm ups 1.How can we see things that are really tiny? 2.How can we see things that are really far away? 

3 The invention of microscopes made the discovery of cells possible. 1. Microscopes – used to see tiny objects 2. Electron microscopes are the most powerful microscopes today. 

4 Person What did he do? 1. In 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, discovered that nearby objects appeared greatly enlarged. That was the forerunner of the compound microscope and of the telescope. 

5 Person What did he do? 2. Robert Hooke In 1665, Hooke, an English scientist, used a microscope he had built to study a thin slice of cork He saw the outer layers of the piece of cork’s cell walls He called the structures he saw “CELLS,” which means little rooms in Latin 

6 Person What did he do? 3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1674, Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch lens maker, used a homemade microscope (1 st compound light microscope) to look at some pond scum He was the first person to see single celled organisms. He called them “animalcules” 

7 Person What did he do? 4. Matthias Schleiden German botanist Looked at MANY slides of plant tissues In 1838, concluded that all plants are made of cells 

8 Person What did he do? 5. Theodor Schwann German scientist Studied animals Observed many different kinds of animal cells. In 1839, stated that all animal tissues are made of cells 

9 Person What did he do? 6. Rudolf Virchow German doctor In 1858, concluded that all cells developed from other cells 

10 The Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and of function in all living things. 3. All cells come from other living cells. Write all of this!! 

11 5 finger summary – just write the answers 1.What technology helped to discover cell? 2.Who looked at cork and came up with the name “cells”? 3.Used a microscope to observe “animalcules” 4.Said all plants are made up of cells 5.What is the theory that summarizes the importance of cells. 

DISCOVERING CELLS CELL- THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ALL LIVING THINGS.

2 DISCOVERING CELLS CELL- THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ALL LIVING THINGS 

3 FIRST SIGHTINGS IN CELLS 1590 -IN ORDER TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO SEE CELLS THE MICROSCOPE HAD TO BE INVENTED. A LIGHT MICROSCOPE USES LIGHT AND A GLASS LENS. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE - ONLY ONE GLASS LENS COMPOUND LENS- TWO GLASS LENSES 

4 ROBERT HOOKE HOOKE- INVENTOR AND SCIENTIST OBSERVED A THIN PIECE OF CORK THROUGH A MICROSCOPE HE HAD MADE. (CORK- THE OUTER BARK OF A CORK OAK TREE). HE SAW MANY TINY “ROOMS”. WHAT AMAZED HIM WAS THAT IN ONE CUBIC INCH HE CALCULATED THERE WOULD BE OVER TWELVE HUNDRED MILLION CELLS 

5 ANTON van LEEUWENHOEK A DUTCHMAN WHO MADE HIS OWN LENSES AND USED THEM TO OBSERVE POND WATER. WHAT HE SAW WAS MILLIONS OF SMALL ONE CELLED ORGANISMS. HE ALSO LOOKED AT SCRAPPINGS FROM TEETH AND WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO SEE BACTERIA. 

6 MICROSCOPE IMPROVEMENTS 1590 - HANS JENSEN AND SON DUTCH EYEGLASS MAKERS MAKE THE FIRST COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 1660 - HOOKE IMPROVES ON THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE (OIL LAMP FOR LIGHT) HE SEES THE CELLS IN CORK (PLANTS) HE STUDIES OTHER PLANTS- ALL AVE CELLS 

7 MICROSCOPE IMPROVEMENTS 1683- LEEUWENHOEKS USES A MORE POWERFUL SIMPLE MICROSCOPE AND OBSERVES ANIMAL CELLS IN PONDWATER AND BACTERIA IN MOUTHS. 1886 - GERMAN SCIENTIST ERNST ABBE IMPROVES THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE WIT A MIROR AT THE BOTTOM TO FOCUS LIGHT. A MODERM MICROSCOPE CAN MAGNIFY 1000 TIMES 

8 MICROSCOPE IMPROVEMENTS 1933- TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. GERMAN, ERNST RUSKA CREATES THE FIRST ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. IT CAN MAGNIFY 500,000 TIMES. IT CAN ONLY BE USED ON DEAD MATERIAL. ALLOWS US TO SEE INTERNAL CELL PARTS. 1965- SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.SENDS ELECTRONS OVER THE SURFACE OF A SPECIMEN ALLOWING A 3 D LOOK. MAGNIFICATION 150,000 TIMES 

9 MICROSCOPE IMPROVEMENTS SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPE. THIS ALLOWS US TO SEE INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES ON THE OUTER SURFACE OF A CELL. MAGNIFICATION 1,000,000 TIMES 

10 CELL THEORY 1838- SCHLEIDEN VIEWED MANY PLANTS AND CONCLUDED THAT ALL PLANTS ARE COMPOSED ( MADE UP OF) CELLS 1839- SCHWANN A GERMAN SCIENTIST VIEWED MANY ANIMAL CELLS AND CONCLUDED THAT ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS. 

11 CELL THEORY 1855- VIRCHOW A GERMAN DOCTOR CONCLUDED THAT ALL NEW CELLS COME FROM PREVIOUSLY LIVING CELLS 

12 CELL THEORY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS (PLANTS & ANIMALS) CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS ALL CELLS ARE PRODUCED FROM OTHER CELLS - TRUE OR FALSE ? 

13 LIGHT MICROSCOPE MAGNIFICATION- TO MAKE THINGS LOOK BIGGER. CONVEX-THE LENS IS THICKER IN THE MIDDLE AND BENDS THE LIGHT INWARD. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE- HAS 2 LENSES. TO FIND THE MAGNIFICATION WE MUST MULTIPLY THE MAGNIFICATION OF BOTH LENSES TOGETHER(10 X 4 = 40 MGNIFICATION 

14 RESOLUTION RESOLUTION-TO SEE THE OBJECT CLEARLY. HOW EASILY WE CAN SEE THE PARTS OF AN OBJECT. HOW SHARP THE OBJECT IS. A NEWSPAPER LOOKS LIKE A SOLID PICTURE. WHEN WE LOOK AT IT UNDER A MICROSCOPE WE CAN SEE THE INDIVIDUAL DOTS BECAUSE THE MICROSCOPE MAGNIFIES THE DOTS AND THE RESOLUTION ALLOWS US TO SEE THE DOTS CLEARLY MAGNIFICATION- MAKES THINGS BIGGER RESOLUTION- HOW CLEAR THINGS ARE 

15 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IN AN ELECTRON MCROSCOPE A BEAM OF ELECTRONS IS SHOT AT THE SPECIMEN. BECAUSE THE ELECTRONS ARE SO SMALL WE HAVE BETTER RESOLUTON AT GREATER MAGNIFICATION 150,000X 

A CELL is the smallest unit that can carry on all the PROCESSES of life. Every LIVING thing is made up of ONE or more cells.

2 A CELL is the smallest unit that can carry on all the PROCESSES of life. Every LIVING thing is made up of ONE or more cells. 

3 A living thing that is made up of ONE cell is called UNICELLULAR. A living thing that is made up of MORE than one cell is a MULTICELLULAR organism. 

4 How many cells are there in a human body? Between 50 to 100 trillion depending on a person’s size! 

5 How many bacterial cells are there in and on a human body? 182 species of bacteria colonize the average person's skin There are about 1,000,000 bacteria per square inch on human skin Saliva may contain up to 1,000,000,000 bacteria per milliliter We have more bacteria living in and on us than cells in our bodies! Only about 10% of the cells in our bodies are Human! 

7 Cells were first discovered in 1665 by the English scientist ROBERT HOOKE. 

8 Hooke cut a piece of CORK and observed it with a microscope. 

9 He sectioned other specimens and saw that they were all made up of ”LITTLE BOXES,” or cells, which reminded him of the little rooms MONKS of that time lived in. 

10 The first person to view LIVING cells was Anton VAN LEEUWENHOEK In 1675 I’m Anton 

11 It took another 150 years for scientists to take the work of HOOKE and VAN LEEUWENHOEK, And devise a unified theory of cells. 

12 In 1838 a GERMAN botanist, Matthias SCHLEIDEN concluded that all plants were COMPOSED of cells. 

13 In 1855 a German PHYSICIAN, Rudolph VIRCHOW determined that cells only come from other CELLS. 

14 The observations of these three scientists are known as CELL THEORY 

15 1. All living things are COMPOSED of one or more CELLS. 2. Cells are organisms BASIC UNITS of structure and function. 3. Cells come only from OTHER cells. 

16 Cells vary greatly in SIZE, SHAPE, and internal ORGANIZATION. 

17 Size Cells must maintain a SMALL size or else their surface area becomes too SMALL to maintain all life functions. 

18 Shape Most cells are SPHERICAL or CUBOIDAL. They can also be FLAT like skin cells, have long extensions like NERVE cells, or may have the ability to change SHAPE like white BLOOD cells. 

19 Internal Organization Cells differ in their internal organization. Cells that contain a NUCLEUS and membrane bound ORGANELLES are called EUKARYOTES. Examples: PLANT & ANIMAL cells 

20 Cells that lack a NUCLEUS and membrane BOUND organelles are called PROKARYOTES. Example: BACTERIA CELLS 

22 Cell Membrane Is the structure that SEPARATES the cell from its external environment. 

23 Cell Membrane Allows some molecules to PERMEATE, or pass through it, and acts as a barrier to keep some MOLECULESout of the cell. For this reason it is called a SEMIPERMEABLE membrane. 

26 The Fluid MOSAIC Model of cell membranes reveals that they are made up of a LIPID bilayer. 

27 It is like a fluid lipid sandwich with the Hydrophilic heads pointing OUTWARD and the hydrophobic tails pointing inward. The cell membrane also has proteins embedded in it that can move around. 

31 Is the JELLYLIKE material found inside the cell membrane and is made up of WATER, salts, and organic molecules. 

32 It is in constant motion called CYTOPLASMIC streaming. The cytoplasm surrounds “little organs” or ORGANELLES which each have a specific job. 

33 Are the organelles where PROTEINS are made and are the most NUMEROUS of the organelles. 

34 (ER) is a membrane system of folded SACS and tunnels. There are two kinds of ER. 

35 (rER) is studded with RIBOSOMES. Is abundant in cells that export a lot of proteins or ENZYMES like the pancreas. 

36 (sER) has no RIBOSOMES And is like a highway for molecules to move around the cell and as a STORAGE area. 

37 Is the processing, PACKAGING, and secreting organelle of the cell. It is like a factory where a product is ASSEMBLED at one end, packaged, then put into a mail bag for delivery at the other end. 

38 Are the POWERHOUSES of the cell that process and release ENERGY from the nutrients that enter the cell. 

40 They have CRISTAE which make more surface area for cellular respiration to take place, and ATP is formed here. Cells that use a lot of energy like muscle cells have many mitochondria. Mitochondria have their own DNA. 

41 Are the garbage men of the cell and contain DIGESTIVE enzymes that break down wastes. 

42 Provide a frame for the cell called the CYTOSKELETON. They also help move things around in the cell. 

43 Are used in MOVEMENT and extend out from the surface of the cell. Cilia are short and hairlike. They beat in WAVES. Flagella are long and whiplike, occur SINGLY or in pairs. 

44 Directs the ACTIVITIES of the cell. It is surrounded by a NUCLEAR membrane that has holes in it where molecules can enter and EXIT. 

45 The nucleus contains CHROMATIN, strands of DNA and proteins. When it condenses, it forms CHROMOSOMES, the genetic information of the cell. The NUCLEOLUS is a spherical body in the nucleus where ribosomes are made. 

48 Plant cells differ from ANIMAL cells because they have a cell WALL that surrounds the cell MEMBRANE. This helps support and protect the cell. They also have sacs called VACUOLES and plastids which store food or pigments. 

49 Contain a green pigment called CHLOROPHYLL that is used in photosynthesis. 

50 Contain pigments like orange CAROTENES, and yellow XANTHOPHYLLS, and red pigments. They give plants their distinctive colors. 

51 Store food such as STARCHES, proteins, and lipids. They are storage organs in potato TUBERS.